C

The C programming language remains the most prevalant language for systems code; while some newer alternatives may be starting to displace it for new code, the is a massive amount to displace for the scales to tip. It also has a clear impact on many languages developed since.

In K&R, C is described as portable assembly language, which seems like a fairly accurate description (while also saving the significant amount of time shuffling words to and from registers and digging through instruction set references). It is a language which provides little inherent protection and instead trusts the programmer to do the right thing. The directly provided support is minimal, and perhaps one of the single biggest inherent issues likely inherited from its origins is that it is very easy to inadvertently make use of behavior which is officially undefined (in addition to that which may be unsafe).

The language itself is beautifully parsimonious, and the core language could be learned fairly completely in a day or two but doing anything useful also typically heavily relies on provided libraries (such as glibc) and may also require more compiler specific behaviors along with not being shielded from any platform specific quirks… so somewhat the mess has just been pushed just outside the language limits.

C can be a lot of fun to play around with but should likely be eyed warily if building anything new that is non-trivial. While I enjoy aspects of it I also tend to think that sane use in a larger project is likely to involve a fair amount of conventions around details such as interaction patterns and memory management along with some aids for productivity all of which combine to the prospect that aside from low level uses that involve a lot of bitwise manipulation it’s a good language to use to create another language.